Kōvintaputtūr, Gaṅgājaṭādhara, time of Parakesarivarman, year 14, and time Rājarāja, year 7

Metadata

Current Version: draft, 2024-09-06Z

Editors: Renato Davalos, Emmanuel Francis and Valérie Gillet.

DHARMA Identifier: INSSII1900357

Summary: Record donations by Nakkaṉ of Paḻuvūr, in three parts. Part A records the donation of the village of Neṭuvāyil by Nakkaṉ of Paḻuvūr for the Mahādeva of the Vijayamaṅgala temple that he had built in Vāṉavaṉ Mahādevi Caturvedimaṅgala. It starts with a Sanskrit eulogy and business portion and then describes, in its Tamil portion dated to the 14th year of Parakesarivarman (Uttama Cōḻa, 984 CE), the transaction and the boundaries of the donated village. Part B, which starts on the same line where Part B ends, provides the detail of various provisions to undertake with the taxes and paddy thus donated. Part C details the provisions for a tiruvuṇṇaḻikaippuṟam in favour of the god of the Vijayamaṅgala temple, in force from the 7th year of Rājarāja (Rājarāja I Cōḻa, 992 CE).

Hand Description:

Grantha. The repha in conjunct letters is in the form of a dot above the letter. Tamil. No distinction between e and ē, nor between o and ō. Peculiar form of medial ū in nū.

Additional Metadata

No metadata were provided in the table for this inscription

Edition

A

^{Zone A1} ^A1=1daṇḍadaṇḍadaṇḍasvasti śrī |

I. Uncertain

kuvalāla-samudbhavaḥ su-kī(r)tti^A2=2-paḻuvūr-

nakka Iti pratīta-nāmā muravairīva

(vira)^A3=3(jaḥ) jāta-varṇṇa-(pra)varo

vaṁśa-karaḥ sam-āvirāsīt· |

II. Uncertain

^A4=4yam artthinas tyāgam upātta-vigraham·

dviṣat·-janāḥ (śau)^A5=5(r)yya-guṇaṁ śarīriṇam·

Anaṁgam aṁgānvayinaṁ· mṛgekṣaṇā

^A6=6vida(n)ti dhar(m)maṁ satanum· vipaścitaḥ |

so ’yaṁ sva-vikramā(p)ta-
^A7=7-khilārṇṇavām·barākara-grahād vīryya-toṣitād v(i)krama-coḷa-nṛpāl la-
^A8=8bdha-vikrama-coḷa-mahārājābhidho ’sya rājñaś catu(r)daśe varṣe maha-
^A9=9ti śrī-vānavana-mahādevy-agrahare śrī-vijaya-maṁga(l)e vasataḥ śa-
^A10=10mbhoḥ mandiraṁ śilā-mayam· vidhāyāsyaiva grāmasya svabh(ū)tām· ne-
^A11=11(ḍ/ṭ)uvāyil-nāma-grāmaṭ¿ī?⟨i⟩kām mahāparṣadaḥ krītvā sva-vitta-dānād aka-
^A12=12rāñ ca kṛtvā tasyaiva śam·bhor ā-śaśāṁka-sthiter arccanot·savādy-arttha-
^A13=13m· prādāt· |

kō-p-para-kēsari-panmak=ku^👤 yāṇṭu 10 4 Āvatu

Uṭaiy-
^A14=14ār peru¡(ṉ)!⟨n⟩-tiṟattu kuvaḷālam^🧭 uṭaiyāṉ Ampalava¡n!⟨ṉ⟩ paḻuvūr^🧭
^A15=15nakkaṉ-āṉa vikrama-cōḻa-mahā-rāja¡n!⟨ṉ⟩ēṉ vaṭa-ka(r)ai brahma-deya-
^A16=16m periya (śrī)-vānavaṉ-mahādevi-ca(turvvedi)-maṅ(ka)lattu śrī-vijaya-maṅkala(t)-
^A17=17tu mahā-devar śrī-vimāṉam kallāl Eḻu¡ṉ!⟨n⟩t-aruḷuvittu I-devark(ku)-t ti-
^A18=18ru-v-amituk=kum tiru-viḷak=kuk=kum śrī-balik=kum tiru-mey-pūccuk=kum tiru-p-pūkaik-
^A19=19kum tiru-na¡ṉ!⟨n⟩tavā¡n!⟨ṉ⟩a-p-puṟattuk=kum tiru-viḻāvuk=kum snapaṉaṅkaḷuk=kum maṟṟum
^A20=20I-devarkku vēṇṭum Ārātiṉaikaḷ Eppēṟpaṭṭaṉa Avaiccuk=kum
^A21=21mākaṉāṉ kuṭutta Ūr āvatu

Ip-periya śrī-vānavaṉ-mahādevi-caturvvedi-ma ^{Zone A2} -
^A22=22ṅkalattu vaṭa-piṭākai neṭu-vāyil^🧭um
^A23=23Itu [2×]ppaṭum Ūrtāmaraiṉal-
^A24=24-Ārum tiru-c-cen(i)valamum ma(ṇ)kulak=ku-
^A25=25ṟucciyum Uḷ-p-paṭa I-neṭu vāyil vaḷai-
^A26=26yil-c cuṟṟu muṟṟum

Iv-ūr n¡i!⟨ī⟩(r)-[n]ilam(u)m p(u)ṉ-
^A27=27-cey¿ū?⟨u⟩m meṉ-ceyum mē⟨l⟩ nōkk[i]¡n!⟨ṉ⟩a maramum k¡i!⟨ī⟩ḻ
^A28=28ṉōkki¡n!⟨ṉ⟩a kiṇaṟum kuḷamum kōṭṭakamum paṟṟum teṟṟiyu[m ma-]
^A29=29ṟṟum Uṭump’ ōṭi Āmai tavaḻ¡ṇ!⟨n⟩tatu Eppēṟppaṭa-
^A30=30tum Iv-ūr Ilai-k-kalam(u)m taṟi-p-puṭavaiyum kaṇ-
^A31=31ṇāla-k-[kā]ṇamum [i](kāṟ)-p-pāṭṭamum Ulaiyam Ulai-p-pāṭṭamum
^A32=32Uḷ-p-pa⟨ṭa⟩ Iv-ū(r) vaḷaiyil-c cuṟṟu muṟṟum

I(p)-periya śrī-vānavaṉ-
^A33=3-mahā-de[vi](-c-ca)tu⟨r⟩vveti-maṅkalattu peruṅ-kuṟi-p perumak=kaḷ [pa]k=kal vilai-
^A34=34-koṇṭu Uṭaiyē¡ṉṉ!⟨ṉ⟩-ā⟨y⟩ Im-mahāsabhaiyārkkē Eḻu-ṉūṟu kācu kuṭu-
^A35=35tta Iṟai Iḻicc¿a?⟨i⟩ Ip-paricu Iṟai-Ili-y-āka ¡ṉān!⟨nāṉ⟩ Uṭai-En(ṉ-ā)y Iru¡ṉ!⟨n⟩-
^A36=36ta I-neṭu-vāyil^🧭 muṟṟum

I-śrī-v(i)jaya-maṅkalattu mahā-devark=ku mu-
^A37=37ṉ c(u)ṭṭa-p-paṭṭa Eppēṟppaṭṭa t¿a?⟨i⟩ru-v-ārātiṉaikaḷuk=kum bhogam-āka-k kuṭuttē-
^A38=38ṉ kuvalāḷam^🧭 uṭaiyān Ampalavaṉ paḻuvūr^🧭 nakkaṉ-āṉa vikrama-¿ś?⟨c⟩oḻa-mahā-
^A39=39-rāj(ā)¿na?⟨ṉ-ē⟩ṉ^👤

Ivai pan-mahā-E(śva)ra-rakṣai

Aṟam maṟavekka Aṟa¡mm!⟨m⟩ a(l)latu tuṇai y-illai

^A40=40I(va)[r] colla Eḻuti¿nnē?⟨ṉēṉ⟩ Iv-ūr maddh[y]astha¡n!⟨ṉ⟩ ni¡n!⟨ṉ⟩ṟā¡n!⟨ṉ⟩ Ārā-Amutā¡n!⟨ṉ⟩^👤 vā¡n!⟨ṉ⟩ava-mātēvi^🧭-p-peruṅ-k(ā)-
^A41=41viti-y

Ivai E¡nn!⟨ṉ⟩ eḻuttu

B

^{Zone B1} ^B1=41I-neṭu-vāyilum neṭu-vāyil cuṟṟiṉa paṭākai-
^B2=42kaḷu¡mm!⟨m⟩ it-tēva⟨r⟩kku Iṟukka-k kaṭava _ Iṟai I-śrī-kōyiṟ-kāl Ūr-k-kāl paḻuvūr nakkaṉṉāl
^B3=43tiru-muṟṟattu Aḷakka kaṭava nellu vālli ne(l) kaṟ [3+] (ṟ)cettal n¡i!⟨ī⟩kki kūṭṭal vētum pāta
^B4=44ṉ Aṭṭa ka⟨ṭa⟩va nellu Āyira-k kalammu⟨n⟩ tuḷai kaḻ¿ai?⟨a⟩ñ(cu l) potta poṉ kācu niṟai-k-kallā[l]
^B5=45poṉ nuṟṟu-k kaḻ¿ai?⟨a⟩⟨ñ⟩cum

taṟi-p-puṭavai Oṉṟu kāl-p poṉ peṟuvaṉa puṭavai paṉ¡n!⟨ṉ⟩iraṇṭum
^B6=46neyi Eṇṇai mu-k-kalam ko(llar) U(lai-p)-pāṭṭam (I/O)ru pu Āyarppalam neṭu-vāyil vata [1+] Aṭuttu-
^B7=47kku (ni)b¿e?⟨a⟩(n)dha⟨ñ⟩ ceyita paṭi civayōgi-brāhmaṇa(r) mu-p-patiṉ-marum brā[hma](ṇar) I(ru)-patiṉ-marum Āka (Ai)y-patiṉ-ma(ṟ)kku

Oruvaṉukku nica-
^B8=48tam Arici Iru-nāḻi y-āka Iru-nāḻikku nellu Aiy-nāḻi y-āka Aiy-p-patiṉ-maṟku nicatam nellu (Iru)-kalaṉē Eḻu-kuṟu(ṇi) Iru-nāḻi-
^B9=49yum
ney muṉ-ṉāḻi Āḻākkukku ney nāḻikku (ne)llu tūṇi y-ā[ka I](m)-muṉ-ṉāḻi Āḻākkukku nicatam nellu [kala]ṉē n[ā-]
^B10=50-ṉāḻiyum
kaṟikku nellu tūṇiy(u)m
p[uḷ]i(ṅkaṟi) yaṭam orukku nellu-k kuṟuṇiyu(m)
Aṭṭiyu(ṇṇa)m orukku nellu [pa]takku
^{Zone B2}
^B11=51U¿(m)?⟨p⟩pu (nā)ḻikku nellu nāḻi Uḻakk’ āka Uppu Aiy-nāḻikku nellu Aṟu-nāḻi Uḻakkum
veṟṟillai-p paṟṟu Oṉṟiṉukku (ne)l-
^B12=52[lu] Iru-nāḻi (y-āka veṟṟillai)-p paṟṟu [muṉ](ṟi)[ṉu]kku nellu Aṟu [nā](ḻi)[yum]
(veṟu)ṅkāy nāḻi (nellu)kku pat(t) āka veṟuṅkāy n(ū)ṟukku nel-
^B13=53lu (patiṉ) nāḻiy(um)

[Āka nicatam] (nellu) nāṟ-kalaṉē {nāṟ-kalaṉē} Aiy-kuṟu(ṇi) [nā-ṉāḻi Uḻakk’ āka Ōr āṭṭai nāḷai]kku nellu Āyiratt’ aṟu nūṟṟu Ai(y)-
^B14=54-kalaṉē Iru-tūṇi mu-k-ku(ṟuṇ)i Iru-nāḻiyum

viṟak’ iṭuvā¡ṉṉ!⟨ṉ⟩ oruva[ṉu]kku nicatam ne[l]lukku [kuṟuṇiyum]
[Aṭuvā¡ṉṉ!⟨ṉ⟩ oruvaṉukku] nicatam nellu-k kuṟu[ṇi-]
^B15=55yum

Āka nicatam nellu patakk’ āka Ōr āṭṭai nāḷaikku nellu Aṟupatiṉ kala[mum]

(Iv-i)[ruvaṟ](ku)[m pu](ṭavai) mutal (Oruva)ṉukku Oru kācukku ne(llu)
^B16=56patiṉ kala¡mm!⟨m⟩ āka Iruvaṟkkum kāc’ iraṇṭiṉ(āl) [ne](l)lu I[ru]-patiṉ kala¡mm!⟨m⟩u⟨ñ⟩

civayōgi-brāhmaṇar mu-patiṉ-marum brahmaṇaṟ Iru-patiṉ-maru
^B17=57Āka Ai-p-patiṉ-vaṟku caṉivāram (Eṇṇai) [nāḻi U]riyum (A)yaṉavāram Eṇṇai nāḻi Uriyum Eṇṇai nāḻikku nellu tūṇi y-āka
^B18=58Ōr āṭṭai nāḷaikku Eṇṇai kalaṉē Iru-tūṇi Iru-[nā]ḻikku nellu Aiy-p-pattu nāṟ-kalamum

nicatam payaṟu kuṟuṇi n(ā)ḻi{ḻi} y-ā-
^B19=59(ka)[2+] (nāḻi)kku nellu Iru-nāḻi y-āka [3+] nāḷaikku payaṟu nāl-p-patt’ aiy-ka(la)mm āka kācu Oṉṟukku y-aṟu Aiy-
^B20=60-kalamm āka payaṟu nāl-pa [3+] kala (n)e(llu) t(o)ṇṇūṟṟu kala⟨ṅ⟩ kācu Oṉṟukku nellu [patak 3+] (m ā)ka [Iru]-(nellukku) [kācu Oṉṟu 2+]
^B21=75caṟka(rai) nicatam [Aim]-palam Āka Ōr āṭṭai nāḷaikku niṟai patiṉṉ eṭṭu (kācu) Oṉṟukku [ni]ṟai paṉniraṇṭ’ āka niṟai patiṉṉ eṭ[ṭu]
^B22=76[ciṉ]nāl kācu O(ṉṟ’ a)raiyu
nicatam (puḷi) [Iru-nāḻi y-āka] Ōr āṭṭai (nāḷaikku) (E)ḻu-nūṟṟu [Iru]-patiṉ nāḻiyiṉāl kācu Oṉṟu[m]
^B23=61nicatam miḷaku (U)ḻakk’ [arai] (kaṭuku) [7+] (kk’ āka) Ōr āṭṭai nāḷaikku Iru-kalaṉē tūṇi (Oru) nāḻikku kācu mu[ṉṟum]
nicatam cirakam Oru piṭi y-āka Ōr ā-
^B24=62ṭṭai nāḷaikku patakku Aṟu-nāḻi Uriyu⟨m⟩
peruṅ-kāyam nicatam (Arai)[kka](ḻ ai)nt’ āka Ōr āṭṭai nāḷaikku (nū)ṟṟu (Eṇpa)ti⟨ṉ ka⟩ḻantiṉ nāl kācu Onṟum

Akā kā(cu)
^B25=63patiṉ Aint’ araikkum kācu Oṉṟukku nellu patiṉ kalam Āka nel[lu nūṟ]ṟu Aiy-pattu Aiy-kalattāl ⟨na⟩n(ta)-vā(ṉa)-kaṭa¿(ṉ/ḷ)?⟨m⟩ai (kā)cil n¡i!⟨ī⟩ṅku kācu patiṉ Ain(tu)

^B26=64cālaitukuttu meḻuki piṇṭi Aṭṭuvāḷḷ oruttikku nicatam nellu Iru-nāḻi y-āka Ōr āṭṭai nā⟨ḷai⟩kku nellu Ēḻu kala¡n!⟨ṉ⟩ē tūṇi patakku
(E)ccil E-
^B27=65ṭuttu Eccilama(ṇ)ṭalam ceytu kalam cāmpal (I)[ṭu]vāḷ Oruttikku nicatam nellu puṭavai mu⟨ta⟩l Eṟṟi nā-ṉā⟨ḻi⟩yāl Ōr āṭṭai nāḷaikku (nel)-
^B28=66lu patiṉ kalam
ti[ru]-p-patiyam vi⟨ṇ⟩ṇappam ceyvār Oruvaṟku puṭavai mutal Uḷ-paṭa nicatam nellu patakku nā-ṉāḻi y-āka Ōr āṭṭai n(ā)ḷaikku ne-
^B29=67llu Ēḻu-patt’ aiṅ-kalam
kōpurattu meykāpp(ā)¡ṉn!⟨ṉ⟩ o(ru)vaṉ Iva¡ṉṉ!⟨ṉ⟩ē cālai Uṇ veṇkala n(ū)ṟum Eṇṇi pukuvikkavu pota vaippikkavu⟨ma⟩ kaṭa-
^B30=68(vā)⟨ṉ⟩ Āka puṭavai mutal Uḷ-paṭa nicatam nellu kuṟuṇi Iru-⟨nā⟩ḻi y-āka Ōr āṭṭai nāḷaikku nellu mu-pattu Ēḻu kalaṉē tūṇi-p (pa)takku
cālaikku kalam I-
^B31=69ṭ(a) ku(ca)va(ṉ)n oruvaṉuku nicatam nellu Iru-nāḻi y-āka Ōr āṭṭai nāḷaikku nellu Eḻu-kalaṉē tūṇi-p patakkum
coti(vi) colluvāṉ Irupat[t]’ ē-
^B32=70ḻu nāḷ(u) -k k(ū)ṟṟu O l(ai) karpurattu [tūkka] (ni)catam nellu ku[ṟuṇi] y-āka Ōr āṭṭai nāḷai nellu mu-pati[ṉ ka]lamum
Uttamāgrattil Uṇṇu⟨m⟩ brahma(ṇa)rkku
^B33=71(Adhyayya)⟨ṉa⟩(m ceyvar) [2+] (koḷḷum brāhmaṇaṉ) Oruvaṉukku nicatam nellu kuṟuṇi y-āka Ōr āṭ[ṭai] (nā)⟨ḷai⟩kku nellu mu-patiṉ (ka)lamum
Ivaṉukkē(y) [pu-]
^B34=72(ṭavai mu)⟨ta⟩(l) kā{(cu)}[c’ araiyāl nellu Ai](y-kalamu)m
[Uttamā]grattu Uṇṇu[m] brāhmaṇa-civayō[gi]kaḷum brāhmaṇa⟨r⟩kku(m a gra)ttu⟨k⟩(ku canta)ṉattukku
^B35=73kācu A[raiyāl] (nellu) [Aiṅ-kalamu]⟨m⟩
[Iru -śrī-belikku beli A]rici nāḻi[yāl] nicatam [nellu I]ru-nāḻi (y-ā)ka Or āṭ[ṭai nāḷaikku nellu Ē-]
^B36=74ḻu (ka)laṉē (tū)[ṇi-p patakku]⟨m⟩

C

^C1=77 ^{Zone 1} I-brahma-tēyam ceyta periya t(ē)var I-śrī-vijaya-maṅkala-tēvarkku tiru-v-uṇṇaḻikai-p-puṟam Āka Iṟai-Ili kuṭutta paṅ ku (E)ṭṭiṉ nāllu

śrī-Irāja-rā[ja]-tēvar⟨k⟩ku yāṇṭu Eḻ-āvatu mutal I-śrī-v(i)mā⟨ṉa⟩ṅ kal [1+](ā) Eḻunt-aruḷuvitta Irājarāja-p-pall¿a-A?⟨ava⟩(rai)[ya-]
^C2=78 ^{Zone 1} [...] ṉṉē Ip-paṅku Eṭṭiṉ nālu ceyyum paṭi māṟṟu kalli⟨l⟩ veṭṭiṉa paṭi

tiru-⟨v-amu⟩t-arici pō(tu) nā-ṉāḻi y-āka mūṉṟu pōtaikku nicatam Arici kuṟu⟨ṇi⟩ nā-ṉā ḻi(yā)[l A]⟨y⟩nt’ iraṇṭu vaṇṇattāl nellu mu-k-kuṟuṇi Aṟu nāḻiyum
ney-amutu pōt’ oru pi(ṭi) y-āka muṉṟu pōtaikku ney-amutu Āḻākkē Oru piṭi-
^C3=79 ^{Zone 1} kku nāḻikku nellu tūṇi y-āka ney Aḻākkē Oru piṭikku nicatam nellu Aṟu nāḻiyam
pori-k-kaṟi-y-amutu muṉṟu [pō]taikku nicatam nel(lu) ^{Zone 2} I(ru)-nāḻi [Uri-y]
[Aṭai-k]kāy-amutu pōtu nāl āka muṉṟu pōtaikku pākku paṉn-iraṇṭum
veṟṟilaikku nicatam nellu muṉ-ṉāḻiyum
tayir Amutu pō-
^C4=80 ^{Zone 1} tu Uri y-āka muṉṟu pōtukku tayir nāḻi Urikku nicatam nellu mūṉ-nāḻi muḻākkum
[nontā-viḷakku Aintukku viḷakk’ oṉṟu(mū neyi U)⟨ḻ⟩(k)[k’ āka] vi [ḷakku Ai]ntukku nicatam ney nāḻi (U)⟨ḻ⟩kk’ āka ney nāḻikku nellu tūṇi y-āka ney nāḻi Uḻa⟨k⟩ku⟨k⟩ku nicatam nellu Aiṅ-kuṟuṇiyum]
nilamā(li) [1+] ni-
^C5=81 ^{Zone 1} r-pōka Aṭṭuvā¡ṉṉ!⟨ṉ⟩ukku ni(ca)ta[m] nellu Iru-nāḻi y-uḻakkum
kaṇakk-eḻutuvā¡ṉṉ!⟨ṉ⟩ukku nicatam nellu nā-ṉāḻiyum
Irā-(śrī)-be(li)-viḷakku I(raṇ) ^{Zone 2} (ṭu)kku Eṇṇai Āḻ(āk)kē (Oru) piṭikku E(ṇṇai) nāḻikku nellu tūṇi y-āka Eṇṇai Ā(ḻā)kkē Oru [piṭi]kku nicatam nellu Aṟu nāḻiy(u)m Āka nicatam
^C6=82 ^{Zone 1} _ nellun kalaṉē-y Oru nāḻi Uri [y-āka] Ō[r ā]ṭṭai nāḷaikku nellu mu-ṉ-nūṟṟu Aṟu-pattu Aiy-kalaṉē-y Eḻu kuṟuṇi nā-ṉāḻiy(u)m

Aṟa[m] ma ^{Zone 2} ṟa[vel]kka [Aṟa¡mm!⟨m⟩ alla]tu tuṇai y-il(lai)

Iv(ai) paṉ-mā{hā}heśvara-rakṣai

Apparatus

Textpart

^A20 Avaiccuk=kum • After this word, on the same line, are found the letters Uttama (I) [1×] in smaller letters. These seems to have been added later and to be connected to the few lines added on the pilaster, on the right : yogi kalamupatu / Ic-civayogi / brāhmaṇāvo[1×] / vallor(i) A(puvi) / [...].
^A21 mākaṉāṉ • A few words are added on the pilaster before this word, at the begining of the line, but the letters are not very clear on the available photos. These words were possibly added later, like those at the end of the preceding line.
^A23 ppaṭum ◇ ppacam SR SR S • The letter ṭu, here and elsewhere in the inscription, indeed resembles the letter ca.
^A27 mē⟨l⟩ nōkk[i]¡n!⟨ṉ⟩a ◇ mēnōkkina SR SR S • The letter i is no longer legible.
^A31 [kā]ṇamum [i](kāṟ)ppāṭṭamum ◇ (kā)ṇamum mikāṟppāṭṭamum SR SR S • The letter kā and the letter i in mi are no longer legible.
^A33 mahāde[vi] ◇ mahādevi SR SR S • The letter vi is no longer legible. — ^A33 [pa]kkal ◇ pakkal SR SR S • The letter pa is no longer legible.
^A35–A36 Iru(ṉ)/ta • There is a larger space between the lines 35 and 36, and the hand slightly changes from this line 36 onwards.
^A39 E[śva]ra ◇ Eśvara SR SR S • The letter śva is no longer legible.

Textpart

^B1 paṭākai ◇ VG VG; piṭākai SR SR
^B2 Iṟukkak kaṭava ◇ SR SR; Iṟukka kaṭava VG VG
^B3 vētum ◇ vetum SR SR; (vetu)m VG VG — ^B3–4 pāta / ṉ ◇ SR SR; pāta / (ṉ) VG VG
^B4 ka⟨ṭa⟩va ◇ SR SR; kava VG VG
^B7 (ni)be(n)dha⟨ñ⟩ ◇ nibhen⟨da⟩m SR SR; (ni)bedha VG VG
^B9 yum • The phrase brāmaṇar Irupatu is engraved, as an addition it seems, on the pilaster to the left of the beginning of the line 10. It is not clear where this phrase should be integrated in the main text.
^B10 kaṟikku ◇ karikku SR SR; ta(ṟi)kku VG VG — ^B10 p[uḷ]i(ṅkaṟi) yaṭam orukku ◇ puḷiṅkaṟik=ku morukku SR SR; [puḷi](ṅkaṟi) yaṭa(mo)rukku VG VG
^B12 (veṟu)ṅkāy ◇ veṟuṅkāy SR SR; (veṟuṅkkāy) VG VG — ^B12 pat(t) āka ◇ pattāka SR SR; patakāka VG VG — ^B12 n(ū)ṟukku ◇ nūṟukku SR SR; nāṟukku VG VG
^B14 Irunāḻiyum ◇ Irunāḻim SR SR; Irunāḻiya(m) VG VG
^B19 nāḷaikku ◇ SR SR; nā(ṉe)kku VG VG
^B24 Uriyu⟨m⟩ ◇ Uriyum SR SR; Uriyu VG VG
^B22 [ciṉ]nāl ◇ VG VG; (ciṉ)nāl SR SR
^B26 nā⟨ḷai⟩kku ◇ nāḷaikku SR SR; nākku VG VG — ^B26 patakku ◇ SR SR; putakku VG VG
^B27 veṇkala n(ū)ṟum ◇ veṇkala nūṟum SR SR; veṇkalan(nū)ṟum VG VG — ^B27 nāḷaikku ◇ SR SR; [nā]ḷaikku VG VG
^B28 patiṉ ◇ patiṅ SR SR; pati[ṅ] VG VG
^B31–31 I/ṭ(a) ◇ I/ṭa SR SR; I/ṭu VG VG
^B37 brāhmaṇa⟨r⟩kku(m) ◇ brāhmaṇa⟨ṟ⟩kum SR SR; brāhmaṇakku[m] VG VG

Textpart

^C1= (E)ṭṭiṉ nāllu ◇ (E)ṭṭiṉa nāllu SR SR VG VG

Translation by Valérie Gillet

Textpart

^A1 Prosperity! Fortune!

Coming from Kuvalāla, known under the name Nakka of Paḻuvūr of great fame, pure like Muravairin (Kṛṣṇa), eminent by his birth and his caste, founder of a lineage, he appeared.

II.

He who is considered by the mendicants as the incarnate liberality, by the enemies as he who has a body whose quality is heroism, by those who have the eyes of a gazelle as Kāma although coming from a lineage which has a body, by the sages as the incarnate Dharma.

^A6-13He, whose name Vikramacoḷa Mahārāja was obtained from the king Vikramacoḷa who was pleased with his heroism when he seized multitudes of seas and skies, entirely obtained with his own valour; in the fourteenth year of this king, having established in stone a temple for Śambhu who resides in Śrī Vijayamaṅgala, in the big agrahāra Śrī Vānavan-Mahādevi, having bought from the great assembly a ‘miserable village’ (grāmaṭikām) named Neṭuvāyil belonging to this village, and having made it tax-free with the gift of his own wealth, he donated for the worship and the festival of Śaṁbhu, as long as the moon lasts.

^A13 This is the 14th year of Kōpparakesarivarman.

^A14-21I, lord of Kuvaḷālam, Ampalavaṉ Paḻuvūr Nakkaṉ alias Vikramacōḻa Mahārāja, of the military superior grade of Uṭaiyār^↓3, having graciously caused to raise (eḻuntaruḷuvittu) in stone (kallāl) the holy sanctuary (śrī vimāṉam) of Mahādeva of Śrī Vijayamaṅgalam, of big Śrī Vānavaṉ-mahādevi-caturvedimaṅgalam, a brahmadeya of the northern bank. For this god, I gave [a village] to the Brahmins (mākaṉāṉ) for holy food offerings, for holy lamps, for holy offerings, for the smearing of the idol, for incense, for lands for the holy garden, for holy festivals, for ceremonial baths, and, besides these, for all those worships of whatever name wanted for this god.

^A22-32 This is the village: Neṭuvāyil, a northern hamlet of this big Śrī Vānavaṉ-mahādevi-caturvedimaṅgalam, and, falling in this, surrounding this Neṭuvāyil, including Ūrtāmaraiṉalār, Tiruccenivalam, Mākulakkuṟucci, surrounding this town, including taxes on forges/profession of watchmen, taxes on forest, taxes on marriage, taxes on looms, ... (ilaikkalamum) of this town, and lands where the turtles crawl and the lizards run^↓4 of whatever names, besides mounds, paddy fields, deep tanks, tanks, the wells which look to the east, trees which look to the west, dry lands and wet lands, wet lands of this village.

^A32-39 Having bought [the land] from the great people of the assembly (peruṅkuṟi) of this big Śrī Vānavaṉmahādevi-caturvedimaṅgalam, as a lord/landowner (uṭaiyēṉṉāy), I gave seven hundred kācus to those of this Mahāsabhā to make it tax-free; in this manner, as tax-free [land], I gave to be enjoyed for the holy services of whatever name indicated before, for Mahādeva of this Śrī Vijayamaṅgalam, this complete Neṭuvāyil where I stay having become lord/ landowner (uṭai ēnṉāy).

^A39 These are under the protection of the Panmāheśvaras.

^A39-41 Do not neglect moral duty (aṟam); there is no support except moral duty; I have written while he spoke; I have written, I Niṉṟān Ārā Amutān, the madhyastan of this village, the great poet peruṅkāviti of Vānavamātēvi; these are my letters.

Translation by Emmanuel Francis

Textpart

^B1-5 The taxes that this Neṭuvāyil and the hamlets surrounding Neṭuvāyil are to pay (iṟukkak kaṭava) for this god, the paddy that is to be measured (aḷakka kaṭava) in the glorious courtyard (tirumuṟṟattu) by Nakkaṉ of Paḻuvūr according to the stone of this glorious temple and the village stone^↓5, and the paddy that is to be provided (aṭṭa kaṭava) ..., [amount to] one thousand kalams and one hundred kaḻañcus of gold ...

^B5-7 ... according to the binding agreement (nibandha), whereas there are (āka) tirthy Śivayogin Brahmins and twenty Brahmins, for [these] fifthy persons, [provisions are as follows].

^B7-14

So that, for one person, there be perpetually two nāḻis of rice and there be, [for this purpose], five nāḻis of paddy, for [these] fifthy persons, [a total of] two kalaṉs, two kuṟuṇis and two nāḻis of paddy [are] perpetually [provisioned].
So that there be (one) tūṇi of paddy for (one) nāḻi of ghee for three nāḻis and [one] ollock (āḻākku) of ghee, for these three nāḻis and [one] ollock of ghee: (one) kalaṉ and four nāḻis of paddy [are] perpetually [provisioned].
For the curries (kaṟi): (one) tūṇi of paddy [is provisioned].
For one ... tamarind curries (puḷiṅkaṟi): (one) kuṟuṇi of paddy [is provisioned].
For one ... of sandal (aṭṭi): [one] patakku of paddy [is provisioned].
So that there be (one) nāḻi and (one) uḻakku of paddy for (one) nāḻi of salt, for five nāḻis of salt: six nāḻis of paddy [are provisioned].
So that there be (two) nāḻis of paddy (one) for (one) paṟṟu of betel, for three paṟṟus of betel: six nāḻis of paddy [are provisioned],
So that there be ten nāḻis of paddy [for] areca-nuts, for one hundred areca-nuts: ten nāḻis of paddy [are provisioned].

This being so, so that there be perpetually four kalaṉs, five kuruṇis, four nāḻis and [one] uḻakku: for the span of a year [a total of] one thousand six hundred and five kalaṉs, two tūṇis, three kuṟuṇis and two nāḻis [are provisioned].

^B14-15

For one who brings (iṭuvāṉ) fire-wood (viṟaku) ...
For one cook (aṭuvāṉ) ...

This being so, so that there be perpetually one patakku of paddy, per year, [a total of] sixty kalams of paddy [are provisioned].

^B15-16 [Furthermore], for these two persons, so that there be, for each of them (oruvaṉukku), ten kalams of paddy for one kācu [as] capital for cloth, for both of them: twenty kalams of paddy for two kācus [are provisioned].

^B16-18 Whereas there are (āka) tirthy Śivayogin Brahmins and twenty Brahmins, for [these] fifthy persons, [whereas one] nāḻi and [one] uri of oil [for] ... (caṉivāram) and [one] nāḻi and [one] uri of oil [for] ... (ayaṉavāram) [are required], so that there be one tūṇi of paddy for the nāḻis of oil: for the span of a year, [a total of], for [one] kalaṉ, two tūṇis and two nāḷis of oil, fifty-four kalams of paddy [are provisioned].

^B18-25

So that there be ...
So that there be ...
So that there be ...
So that there be ...
So that there be ...
So that there be ...

This being so, so that there be ten kalams of paddy per kācu for [a total of] fifteen and a half kācus: fifteen kācus, excluding the kācus for the duty (kaṭamai) of the garden, through one hundred fifty five kalams of paddy [are provisioned].

^B26-36

So that there be for the woman who...
For the woman who...
So that there be perpetually, for each of those who sing tiruppatiyam (viṇṇappam ceyvār), [one] patakku and four nāḻis, including the capital for cloth, per year, per day: seventy-five kalams of paddy [are provisioned] ...
So that the guardian of the entrance pavillion (kōpuram) is one who obtains ...
So that there be perpetually, for one potter, so that he puts kalams for the feeding hall (cālai) ...
So that there be for ...
So that there be for one Brahmin who ...
[Furthermore], for him, as capital for cloth: five kalams of paddy, through half a kācu [are provisioned].That is, half a kācu is provisioned to buy five pots of paddy.
For the ... [cantaṉam] ...
So that there be perpetually two nāḻis of rice ...

Textpart

^C1 So that there be an inner sanctum endowment (tiru-v-uṇṇaḻikai-p-puṟam) for this glorious Vijayamaṅgaladeva, the great god (for whom) this brahmadeya has been made, the shares given tax-free [are] ...

^C1-6 Stating from the seventh year of the glorious king Rājarāja, ... who has been graciously installed, having changed the manner of doing these ... according to what has been engraved on stone, [provisions are as follows].

So that there be four nāḻis at the time of sacred rice food-offerings ...
So that there be one piṭi at the time of ghee food-offerings ...
For the time of seasoned curry (porikkaṟi) food-offerings ...
So that there be four^↓6 at the time of areca-nut food-offerings ...
For betel ...
So that there be [one] uris at the time of curd food-offerings, for [one] uris of curd ...
So that there be for five perpetual lamps ...
For ...
For the accountant: permanently four nāḻis of paddy [are provisioned].
So that there be for two glorious bali lamps ...: for the span of one year three hundred fifty five kalaṉs, six kuṟuṇis and four nāḻis [are provisioned.]

^C42 Do not forget duty (aṟam^↓7); without duty, there is no refuge.

^C42 These [are under] the protection of the Paṉmāheśvaras.

Translation into French by Emmanuel Francis and Valérie Gillet

Textpart

^A1 Prospérité ! Fortune !

Apparut (sam-āvir-āsīt) un fondateur de lignée, originaire de Kuvalālam, connu sous le nom de Nakka de Paḻuvūr à la bonne renommée, pur tel Muravairin (Kṛṣṇa), excellent par sa naissance (jāta) et sa classe (varṇa).

II.

Les mendiants le considèrent comme la libéralité incarnée,

Ses ennemis comme possédant un corps fait d’héroïsme,

Les femmes comme Anaṅga (Kāma) [bien que] de lignée humaine (satanum),

Les sages comme le dharma incarné.

^A6-13 Celui-ci [donc] - qui reçut le nom de Vikramacōḷa-Mahārāja du roi Vikramacōḷa, satisfait de son héroïsme parce qu’il s’était emparé d’une multitude d’océans (arṇava) et de cieux (ambara), entiers et obtenus par sa propre vaillance - en la quatorzième année de ce roi, après avoir fondé une temple en pierre pour Śambhu qui réside dans le glorieux Vijaya-maṅgala dans le grand et glorieux agrahāra de Vānavana-mahādevī, donna, aussi longtemps que la lune dure, pour le culte et le festival de ce Śambhu précisément, un village nécessiteux du nom de Neṭuvāyil appartenant à ce village, après l’avoir acheté à la grande assemblée et l’avoir rendu exempt de taxes par le don de ses propres biens.

^A13-...

Commentary

In Part B mention is made of the 7th regnal year of Rājarāja (line 37), as a starting point.

Bibliography

Reported in ARIE 1928-1929 (ARIE/1928-1929/B/1928-1929/164).

Edited in Srinivasa Rao, Sircar, and Gai 1967 (SII 19.357), with facsimiles for lines 1-21. Lines 1-41 = Part A. Lines 41-76 = Part B.^↓12 Lines 77-82 = Part C. This first edition reproduced in Swaminathan 2012 (SII 32.2.138).

Edited, and partially translated, in Gillet 2023 (nos. 11-12), based on autopsy and photos. No. 11 = Part A. No. 12 = Part B + Part C.

Part B an Part C translated in Orr 2000: pages 116–118.

This edition by Renato Dávalos, Emmanuel Francis and Valérie Gillet (2023-2024), based on photos (Valérie Gillet, 2018). The second line number indicated (e.g. A1=1, B1=41, C1=47) is that in SII 19.357.

Primary

Srinivasa Rao, G.V., Dines Chandra Sircar & G.S. Gai. 1967. South-Indian Inscriptions. Volume XIX: Inscriptions of Parakesarivarman. South Indian Inscriptions 19. Delhi: Archaeological survey of India (Manager of Publications).

Pages 183–186, № 357. [siglum SR]

Plate II–III. [siglum SR]

Swaminathan, S. 2012. South Indian Inscriptions. Volume XXXII: Inscriptions of the Early Chola Kings Upto Uttama Chola. South Indian Inscriptions 32. New Delhi: Archaeological survey of India (Director General).

Part II, pages 183–186, № 357. [siglum S]

Gillet, Valérie. 2023. “Constructing Temple, Constructing Power: Temple Reconstruction Process in 10th-Century Tamil-Speaking South with Special Emphasis on Govindapputtur.” The Routledge Handbook of Hindu Temples, by Himanshu Prabha Ray, Salila Kulshreshtha, & Uthara Suvrathan, 57–95. London: Routledge India. [DOI: 10.4324/9781003097709-6].

Pages 69, 81–82, № 11. [siglum VG]

Pages 82–85, № 12. [siglum VG]

Secondary

ARIE 1928-1929. Page 20, appendix B, № 164.

Orr, Leslie C. 2000. Donors, Devotees, and Daughters of God, Temple Women in Medieval Tamilnadu. New York: Oxford University Press.

Notes

↑1. I.e., the women.
↑2. Kāma does not have a body.
↑3. I.e., the king.
↑4. I.e., uncultivated lands.
↑5. That is, weight standards.
↑6. An unclear amount is here subaudible.
↑7. Tamil term equivalent to Sanskrit dharma.
↑8. Forme sanskritisée du tamoul Nakkaṉ.
↑9. littéralement « celles qui ont des yeux de biche »
↑10. Littéralement « celui qui n’a pas de corps ».
↑11. Littéralement « qui a un corps ».
↑12. As pointed out by Gillet 2023 (p. 84, fn. 65), lines 21-22 appears there, by mistake, as lines 75-76.