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Witnesses
Metadata

List of Witnesses

L1: Leiden, the Netherlands, University Libraries, Or. 3723 (1)
- Physical Description: Palm-leaf (lontar) manuscript. ... leaves in Balinese script.
- Hand Description: L¹H₁main hand of the manuscript, ... ink
L2: Leiden, the Netherlands, University Libraries, Or. 5098
- Physical Description: Palm-leaf (lontar) manuscript. ... leaves in Balinese script.
- Hand Description: L²H₁main hand of the manuscript, ... ink
L3: Perpustakaan Nasional Republik Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia, L. 585
LSL: Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia, Sugi Lanus, No. 239
- Content:
  - fol. 1r-13v: Tata-titiniṅ aseva riṅ kr̥ta
  - fol. 1r-18v: Pūrvādhigamaśāsana
  - fol. 1r-21v: Ślokāntara
- Colophon:
- Physical Description: Palm-leaf (lontar) manuscript. 53 leaves in Balinese script, 4 × 53 cm.
D: Perpustakaan Nasional Republik Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia, L. 881
Or4431: Leiden, the Netherlands, University Libraries, Or4431??
E: Bali, collection ...,
H: UB, Leiden, the Netherlands, Lontar, REM 214-213

Metadata of the Edition

Title:
Text Identifier: DHARMA_CritEdPurvadhigama
Copyright © 2019-2025 by Marine Schoettel, Arlo Griffiths & Timothy Lubin.

The project DHARMA has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement no 809994).

Encoded following the Guide for Encoding Manuscript-Based Critical Editions in the DHARMA Project.

invocation

avighnam astu

(1)

Introduction: origin of the Pūrvādhigama

Object of the grant

Autonomy and privileges of the kr̥ta

Punishment (fines, daṇḍa) and penalties

Privileges I: "Being an open gate" (doṣa bañcana?)

Privileges II: "Immunity" from guilt through alleged crime (doṣa bañcana?)

Use of violence by the kr̥tas

The kr̥tas and their slaves

Cases opposing kr̥tas and vālakas

Fines on the vicissitudes

Limitations on business activities within their jurisdiction

Conclusion

Curse section

yo rājño ‘nugrahaṁ hatvā mohān mūrkho naro hi saḥ, parāparakulais sarvaiḥ, rauravam yātu sarvadā //

Translation

No translation available yet for this part of the edition DHARMA_CritEdPurvadhigama

(189)

Parallels

See Sarvadharma, Rāmeśvarapura, Geneng II, Padelegan III and Prapañcasārapura. Partial parallel is found in the inscription of Waringin Pitu.

yāvad bhūtādikaḥ sr̥ṣṭaḥ, tāvaj janmī punar yadi, kṣudra-jantu-śarīrāṇi, prāpnuyāt sa naro ‘dhamaḥ //

Translation

No translation available yet for this part of the edition DHARMA_CritEdPurvadhigama

(190)(191)

Parallels

yadi syān manubhūtaś ca, klīvaḥ kuṣṭhī sa bāmanaḥ, mattaḥ paṅgur apasmāraḥ, vadhiro ‘ndhaḥ kuṇis tathā //

Translation

No translation available yet for this part of the edition DHARMA_CritEdPurvadhigama

Parallels

colophon

// 0 // iti śivaśāsana sāroddhr̥ta

Apparatus

^1. avighnam astu] L1 L3 D Or4431, || 0 || nama śivaya || 0 || B, Avighnam astu tatastu hastu nama E
^2. pūrvārambha] L1 D Or4431, pūrvarambha B, purvaramā E
^3. -sarva-jana-hr̥daya-tamisra-haraṇa], • The same word occurs also in 3.4.5.
^4. pratiṣṭhita] norm., pratiṣṭita L1 B, pratiṣṭitata D, pratistita E
^5. mahābhagavantāṅgəhnira] D B, mahabhagava:n taṅgəḥnira E Or4431, mahabhagava:n taṅhəḥnira L1 • See infra paragraph 4 for the same collocation paramaguru bhagavanta.
^6. paṅudaran] Or4431, paṅudharan· L1 B D • add note here?
^7. *amramāṇakən] B, pramaṇa:kən L1, mramana:kən D • This form is not recorded in OJED, but it is attested with the same meaning in the Saṅ Hyaṅ Pamutus (Buddhist) : “ya ta mapisan riṅ pramāṇa, ka, pramāṇa mary *amramāṇakən” .
^8. karakṣaniṅ] L2, kaṁ ra:kṣaniṁ L1
^9. maṅharəp] em., mahaR̥p· L1 L2 • See infra.
^10. maməgatakən] L2, mgatakən L1
^11. yan] D, yayan L1
^12. adhigama-śāsana] D, hadhigama L1
^13. kramanira tika kabeh] D, kramaniṁ ra:t tika: kabeḥ L1
^14. pinakāsthavira] D, minakaṣṭaviran L1 • Or normalize pinakāsthavira? See other occurrences of the same idea in the Sugih Manek inscription from 837 Śaka (saṅ pārtha pinakāsthavira i pakāraṇān), as well as a certain Mpu hasthavīra in the Kāñcana inscription (mapakna mpu sthāpaka‚ təmpah‚ 2, iṅ gayanti uṅgvanya, mpu brahmā ta sthāpaka, mpu hasthavīra).
^15. adhigama-śāsana] D, hadhigama, L1
^16. pinakamaprabhr̥ti] em., minakamapabhr̥ti L1, minakamapabhr̥ti L3 • Or emend further makaprabhr̥ti?
^17. pañjyaṅ] L1, pañjaṅ D • But see DV 83.2d for the same office, spelled pañjyaṅ.
^18. sampūrṇa] D, sapūrṇna L1
^19. vruhnira] L1, • This seems unusual, one would have in first instance expected something along the lines of təlas sampūrṇa vruhnira (compare with infra ‘yan hana sira ḍaṅ ācārya sampūrṇa vruhnira riṅ sarvaśāstra’), or təlas vruh sira. However, one may find examples of təlas used adjectively in the sense of ‘accomplished’.
^20. sarvādhva] L1, • Or understand / emend sarvādhvara? This would perhaps be a better fit for the context, where ritual services are listed, rather than doctrinal points.
^21. pahomāmaṅku] D, pahoman mamaṅku L1
^22. kapūjān] D, kapajan· L1
^23. saṅ para] L1, • The word order is odd, one would rather expect para saṅ, although this solution would yield the impossible juxtaposition of saṅ and ḍaṅ.
^24. ācārya] em., a:ścaryya L1
^25. pakoṅgvananira] D, ma:koṅgvananira L1
^26. prāgvivāka] em., pragīva:ka L1
^27. sarvaśāstra] norm., sa:rbvasastra: L1
^28. -cāṇakya] em., -canakakya L1
^29. sahopadeśanya] em., sahopadeyanya L1
^30. prāgvivāka] em., pragiva:ka L1
^31. məgataknaṅ] L1, paməgataknaṅ D • See paragraph 3.4.
^32. prāgvivāka] em., pragiva:ka L1
^33. prāgvivāka] em., pragīva:ka L1
^34. prāgvivāka] em., pragiva:ka L1
^35. śubhaka:la] L1, • Or emend śubhakarma, śubhakara or śubhaṃkara?
^36. paməgatan] conj., pamgattan· L1 • The derivation paməgatan is not attested in OJED. Emend?
^37. prāgivāka] D, pragiva:ka rasika L1
^38. sahana] D, sahanan L1
^39. prāgvivāka] em., pragiva:ka L1
^40. prāgvivāka] em., pragiva:ka L1
^41. anyāya-pravr̥tti] em., a:nya:t prakr̥tti L1 • See infra, paragraph 15 as well as occurrences in the epigraphy of the Majapahit period of anyāya-pravr̥tti (in Kañcana 11v4: ‘Ikaṁ vvaṅ anyāyapravr̥tti Umulah-ulaḥ kasvatantran· saṁ hyaṁ dharmmasīma riṁ kañcana’, in Tuhanyaru (1245 Śaka) 10v5 ‘phalanyan aṅulahaknănyāyapravr̥tti’).
^42. prāgvivāka] em., pragiva:ka L1
^43. adhigama-śāsana] D, a:dhigama L1
^44. giripati] D, gispati L1
^45. i] L1, ika D
^46. rājapurohita] em., ra:jña:purodaśa L1
^47. kempən] L1_ac-pm, kampən L1_pc-sm
^48. taman] L1, tan D
^49. pinəkət] em., pitkət L1
^50. dlāhaniṅ dlāha] L1, dla:ha L D
^51. meṅəta sira] em., meṅətanira L1 D
^52. tātan], tan L1
^53. gəgvan] L2, gəgva: L1
^54. mapasilih-] L2 D, masiliḥ- L1
^55. ndatar] D, Autar L1
^56. arumurahaṅ] L2, arūmarahaṁ L1
^57. juga] L2, juśa L1
^58. pamaṅguh] L2, paṅguḥ L1
^59. śubhaprakr̥ti] L1, śubhakr̥ti D
^60. katəkeṅ] L2, tkeṁ L1
^61. mabvat-aḍaṅan] norm., mabvat ta:ḍaṅan L1
^62. mimbā aṅdon] norm., mimbahaṅdon L1
^63. tuvi] L2, tovi L1
^64. ta] L2, L1
^65. tumibā] em., tumiba L1
^66. kaləcan] L2, kaIcan· L1
^67. ta] L2, L1
^68. katamana] em., katamaheṅ D, katamahe L1
^69. de] conj., L1 L2
^70. tirip] em., girip· L1
^71. tameṅ] D, tame L1
^72. halu varak, piniṅle] D, talu varak·, viniṅle L1
^73. pamaṇikan] norm., pamanikan L1 • See Tuhanyaru 17v2 for a scribal correction of n to ṇ in pamaṇikan.
^74. manambiṅi] em., manambi L1
^75. saṅhiran] em., siṅhiran L1 • Both taṅhiran and saṅhiran seem to be attested in epigraphy (Cane (943 Śaka) 5Cd, Munggut 9 for the former, Hering (856 Śaka) 14C, Ngantang (1057 Śaka) for the latter), although taṅhiran is much more frequent.
^76. pajukuṅ] L1, D
^77. riṅ jəro] L1, iṁ jro D
^78. tumampakeṅ] L2, tumpake L1, tuma:mbakeṁ D
^79. lokikācāra] L1, • See Issue in the code and Issue in the code
^80. valighāra] L1, valinara L2
^81. ta] D, L1
^82. malintaṅ] em., mulintaṁ L1 D
^83. kinəkər iṅ] L2 D, kinəkəs· L1
^84. madhyama-] L2 D, ma:ddhya- L1
^85. dvi-guṇottama-sāhasa] L2, dvi-gūṇottama: L1
^86. vālaka] L2 D, va:ka L1
^87. tumibā riṅ] L2 D, tumibe L1
^88. tūtan] L1, turan· L2
^89. aṅśa pratyaṅśa] L1, aṅga pratyaṅga L2
^90. tumame] L1, tumameṁ L2
^91. riṅ vālaka] L2, riṁ ḍaṇḍa riṁ va:laka L1
^92. śrama riṅ] L2, śra:meṁ L1
^93. durācārāmalat amlagandaṅa] em., duraca:ra:malata:m·, blagaṇḍaṅa L1
^94. Amr̥jo L1
^95. 3] L1,
^96. kr̥tān] L1, kr̥ta L2
^97. kavnaṅ denirāṅhilaṅakən] L1, • This is difficult to understand.
^98. makadon apatinya] L1, maṅdon apatinya L2
^99. sampura] L2, sapura L1
^100. daṇḍa-daṇḍa tikaṅ], dana ḍaṇḍa tikaṅ L1
^101. catursatapaṇa] em., catusa:tapaṇa: L1
^102. tar] L2, ta L1
^103. durācāraniṅ] L2, kahura:caraniṅ L1
^104. pinintuheṅ] L2, pinituheṁ L1
^105. durācāra] L2, duraca L1
^106. prāptaṅ] L2, pra:pta:ṅ L1 • Consider reading an irrealis with Issue in the code?
^107. kadurācāranya] L2, duracaranya L1
^108. ] L2 D, ndyā ta L1
^109. dvādaśa] L2, daśa L1
^110. yekālapən] L2 D, yala:pən L1
^111. tibākniṅ] L2 D, tibeṁ L1
^112. panibāni] L2, paniba:na L1
^113. ḍaṅ] L2, L1
^114. de] em., he L2, L1
^115. sahə̄bniṅ] L2, həbniṁ L1
^116. kokalan] L2, kolan L1
^117. kaṣajñānanira] L1, • difficult, see variant readings
^118. kidaṅ] L2, kidaṁḍa L1
^119. dinoṣa] em., binoṣa L2, binoluha L1
^120. banteṅ] L2, ko banteṅ L1
^121. uluṅ] em., hlaṁ L1
^122. hanavanakən] norm., hanavanakan L1, hanavana L2
^123. hugihan] L2, hugiyan· L1
^124. uluṅ] em., hlaṁ L1
^125. hanavanakən] L2, manavanakən L1
^126. mamiyak] L1, • difficult.
^127. amlagandaṅ] L2, am·blagaṇḍaṁ L1
^128. ta] L1, taṁ L2
^129. kabeh] L2, L1
^130. hakulah] L2, makulaḥ L1
^131. hakulah] L2, makulaḥ L1
^132. maṅrabyani] L2, vvaṁ maṁrabyani L1
^133. ] L2, Amati brahma:ṇa L1
^134. kabeh maṅkana] L2, samaṅkana L1
^135. aṅlampahana salampahaniṅ] L2, aṅlampaḥniṁ L1
^136. ] L2, ta L1
^137. vigraha taṅ] L1, vigrahaṁ L1
^138. yan maṅkana] L2, maṅka L1
^139. salampahaniṅ] L2, salampaḥniṁ L1
^140. viśātaha sakiṅ] L1, visatata sakeṁ L2
^141. tibānana] L2, tiba:na L2
^142. manūteṅ] L1, kuteṁ L1
^143. gopura] L1, gupura L1
^144. durjanāharəp ambhayani] L2, durjjana:mbhayani L1
^145. dāranira] L1, dhārinira L2
^146. kr̥tār] L1, kr̥ta L2
^147. maṅuhuha mamintaha] L1, maṅuhuhāminta L2
^148. tuparənira] em., tuṣaR̥ənira L1, huparnira L2
^149. kavnaṅ-vnaṅ] L2, kavnaṁ L1
^150. iṅ] L2, riṅ L1
^151. navavidha] L2, navavidhya L1
^152. denikaṅ] norm., deniṅkaṅ L1 L2
^153. iṅ] L2, riṅ L1
^154. vvah, nyūh] L2, nyuḥ, vvaḥ L1
^155. vūryan-vūryanya] L2, hūryyan-huryyanya L1
^156. mambuñcalakən] L2, mabuñcalakən· L1
^157. katutūtan] L2, katututana L1
^158. kr̥tātəhər] L2, kr̥tta ma:khər L1
^159. ], si L1
^160. pinəṇḍəm] L2, pindəm· L1
^161. hanāṅavruhi] L2, aṅavruhi L1
^162. yan] L2, yapvan L1
^163. yekā] L2, ya L1
^164. roma pāta] norm., roma pata L2, ro pa:ta L1
^165. hana vruh] L2, hana:ṁvruḥ L1
^166. hukurnya,] L2, L1
^167. vālaka] L2, va:ka L1
^168. paranya] L2, ṣaranya L1
^169. maṅadəg … kr̥ta] L2, om.This segment has been omitted in Issue in the code due to eye-skip from saṅ kr̥ta to saṅ kr̥ta. L1 (eye-skip)
^170. yekāṅadəg iṅ paṅaṅgasan ṅaranya] L2, om. L1
^171. kapalayū] L2, la:yu L1
^172. sinimbat] L2, kasimbat L1
^173. matiya] norm., ma:tya L1
^174. ry avaknya] L2, yya:vaknya L1
^175. kapalayū] L2, layu L1
^176. ri saṅ] L2, riṁ L1
^177. ry avaknya] L2, yya:vaknya L1
^178. kr̥ta] L2, vatək kr̥tta L1
^179. kakalih] L2, kaka:liḥ L1 • Or split panaṅguhika kālih?
^180. sinaṅguh] L2, ninaṅguḥ L1
^181. pagavayakan] L2, pagavayakna L1
^182. dāra] em., dāri L1
^183. dāranira] em., dhārinira L1
^184. agasti] norm., haṅgasti L3 L2
^185. at rəṅə̄nta] L3, At· R̥ṅə: ta L2
^186. apiṅhay],
^187. tan vruh] conj., L3, tan vriṁ L2
^188. umulahakən ṅa nyāyapravr̥tti] em.,
^189. ‘nugrahaṁ] em., ‘nugraha L3 L2
^190. bhūtādikaḥ],
^191. naro] em.,

The

List of Witnesses

Metadata of the Edition

Apparatus

Translation Notes

Commentary

Bibliography